Pop-up advertisements experienced a remarkable surge in the late 1990s and early 2000s, initially offering a seemingly easy way for businesses to reach a large audience. Driven by their noticeable visibility, these intrusive boxes became ubiquitous across the internet , generating substantial earnings for publishers and vendors. However, user frust

The pervasive nature of ad fraud poses a significant challenge to the digital advertising industry. This comparative analysis scrutinizes the diverse tactics employed by fraudsters and reveals their consequences on advertisers, publishers, and consumers. By contrasting various illegitimate practices across different platforms and geographies, this